Direct and Indirect Speech

DIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech)

Here what a person says appears within quotation marks ("...") and should be word for word.

For example: 

Rirri said, "Today's lesson is on english presentations."
or
"Today's lesson is on english presentations," Rirri said.


INDIRECT SPEECH
indirect speech reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use question mark to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word. Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech

For example: 
Direct speech :"I'm going to the bookstore", Roland said. 
Indirect speech : Roland said he was going to the bookstore.


TENSE CHANGE

• When reporting speech the tense usually changes. This is because when we use reported speech, we are usually talking about a time in the past (because obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past). The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too. 
• Note : the reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentence are :Tell , other command , ask , warn , remind 

Present simple
Past tense

direct : Yolla said “ I eat fried chicken”

indirect :Yolla said that she ate fried chicken.

Past simple 

Past perfect

direct : Father said “ I went to office yesterday”

indirect : Father said (that) He had gone to office the day before.

Future simple

Past future

direct : Itha said "I will buy an i-pad next month"

indirect : Itha said (that) she would buy an i-pad the month after.

Present continuous 

Past continuous

direct : Aya said “ I’m playing tennis”

indirect : Aya said she was playing tennis.

Past continuous 

Past perfect continuous

direct : Ina said “ I was reading earlier”

indirect : Ina said she had been reading earlier

when we want to report what someone said , wedon’t usually repeat their exact words , we use our words , we can use reporting words 

such as tell say as follow by “that clause”

example :

my best friend said that she got up at 4 o’clock

In time expression and pronouns

Modals In the Past Form

Modals are helping words that are used to express: (1)possibility,2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority

Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. Englishpage.com has created one of the most in-depth modal tutorials in print or online. Study the modal explanations and complete the associated exercises and take another step toward English fluency. 

Kinds of modals such as:

Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. 

Modals in the past form
are used in the past time.They are could, would, should, and might.

Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.

Can be used in every tenses.

a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used

To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.

To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my dog in your back house?

To express present possibility:
We could always spend the night just sitting around talking 

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

When could is used in the past, it means was able to.

Example:
I was able to find a parking space. 

to express a reapeated action in the past
When would is used in the past, it means “used to”,
for example:

When i was younger, I would run three hours every day.

This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t. 
to express more polite (request) 

b.Would you (please) feed the bird?

When would is  used in the present, it show more polite.
For unreal condition

1.Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)

2.Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)

3.Would, can is used in the past and present.

c. Might is the past tense of may.

Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?

To express future possibility. 

He might be my advisor next semester.

To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
- Might is considerably more tentative than may


d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.

Example:
When you go to Japan, you should visit the palaces in Tokyo Tower. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
i really should be in the office by 8:00 am. (obligation)
By now, they should already be in London. 
(expectation)

Example in dialogue:

Fariz : "Hy Anton....Are you busy? "

Anton : "No, i`m not busy...What's happen?" 

Fariz : "Oh...Good..I want you help me...
Would you help me, please?"
Anton : "Yes, why not...?What can I do for 
you...?" 

Fariz : "Hmm...help me please...to clean my bathroom now."

 Anton : "What ?..No....I won`t.......Sorry,Fariz "

Narrative Text

Guys,semester lalu kita udah mempelajari kan yang namanya Narrative Text bukan ? Nah di semester 2 ini kita akan balik mempelajarinya tapi tentu dong sumbernya berbeda.Supaya kita tambah tau lebih rinci lagi nih yah,langsung aja yukk cekidooottt :D

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating ,stimulating emotions,motivating,guiding and teaching the readrs or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience .

Narrative text such as : fable ( Mouse Deer and Crocodile ),legend/folk tables ( Sangkuriang ,Malin Kundang ),Fairy Tale ( Sleeping Beauty,Snow White ,Pinochio )

The generic of Narrative text :

1. Orientation : It sets  the scene and introduces the participants ( it answer the    questions = who,when,what,where )
2. Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight ( the information about  the narrator’s point of view ) .It’s optional.
3. Complication : A crisis or a problem arises.It usually involves the main characters
4. .Resulation   : A solution to the problem ( for better or worse ) main characters find ways to solve the problem.

Some important point in the story of narrative text are :

• It uses temporal conjunction : ex once upon a time ,before,after,etc.
• It uses simple past tense        : ex  there lived a……….one day…there was …etc

Asking Information

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.  The use of WH-Questions : What , When , Where , Why , Who , and How

Combined with to be

1.What is ……. Your name? 
2.When was ……. He born? 
3.Where are ………. The tickets? 
4.Why were …………. They here? 
5.Who are ……….. Those people? 
6.How is ……. Jasmine? 

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
and etc

Asking for information: 

I’d like to know about this book. 

I’m interested in the characters 

Could you tell me more about it?  

Do you know the plot?  

Could you find out the solution?  

Could I ask about the conflict?  

Do you happen to know the writer? 

Etc.

Guessing:

I would say ... I know where to find novel
Could be ... somewhere in a bookstore
Maybe it's ... on the top shelf
I think it ... no more
Looks like ... someone has bought a novel
It's hard to say, but I think ...
It's been bought by someone else

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a picture
2. What is that? That is a telephone.
3. What’s this? It’s a bag.
4. What’s that? It’s banana.
5. What are these? These are magazines.
6. What are those? Those are chairs.
7. Where is Mr. Justin? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Kenneth? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Maddi Jane? She’s in the office.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 12:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s yummy.

 


Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

Example photo of Asking Information :

 Virlly: " Wow ! What is this ? "

Yunai: "This is a key,Vir."

Fariz:"Anton,How is the meatball ?"

Anton:"Hmmm....It's delicious."