Preposition Of Time : At,In,On

Last materi kita di semester 2 ini guys ! Gak usah sedih :D ane gak akan kemana-kemana juga kok :D Hmmm.Daripada banyak ngoceh lagi,ane persembahin aje yee materi kita ini =)) cekidoottttt

Radit :"Do you work on Mondays ,Kesi ?"

In preposition of time We use:

•at for a PRECISE TIME
•in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
•on for DAYS and DATES
at in on

PRECISE TIME MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS DAYS and DATES

1. at 4 o'clock in May on Monday 
2.at 10.50am in summer on Sundays 
3.at noon in the summer on 18 July 
4.at dinnertime in 1980 on 25 Dec. 2012 
5.at bedtime in the 1996s on Christmas Day 
6.at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day 
7.at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday 
8.at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Look at these examples:

•I have a meeting at 10am.
•The shop closes at midnight.
•Minzy went home at lunchtime.
•In England, it often snows in December.
•Do you think we will go to Jupiter in the future?
•There should be a lot of progress in the next century.
•Do you work on Mondays?
•Her birthday is on 21 June.
•Where will you be on New Year's Day?

Notice the use of the preposition of time at in the following standard expressions:


Expression Example

*at night The stars shine at night.

*at the weekend I don't usually work at the weekend.
*at Christmas/Easter I stay with my family at Christmas.
*at the same time We finished the test at the same time.
*at present He's not home at present. Try later.

Notice the use of the prepositions of time in and on in these common expressions:

*in on

*in the morning on Tuesday morning
*in the mornings on Saturday mornings
*in the afternoon(s) on Sunday afternoons
*in the evening(s) on Monday evening

When we say last, next, every, this we do not also use at, in, on.

•I went to Canada last June. (not in last June)
•He's coming back next Monday. (not on next Monday)
•I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter)
•We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Vocabulary Around The House

Guys,Home sweet home ! :D
Okay now I will explain you about definition of house and vocabulary around the house. Let's Cekidottt nyo :D

Definition of house :


as Nouns

*a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families
*the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments

*the members of a religious community living together
*the audience gathered together in a theatre or cinema 
*an official assembly having legislative powers 
*aristocratic family line

*play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults

          (astrology) one of 12 equal areas into which the zodiac is divided
*the management of a gambling house or casino 
*a social unit living together 
*a building where theatrical performances or motion-picture shows can be presented 
*a building in which something is sheltered or located

as Verbs

1.contain or cover 
2.provide housing for

Example Around the House :

Passive Voice

Wollllaaaaaa guys,selanjutnya nih ada Passive Voice ! Apaan yah itu?
Langsung aja nih ! Cekidottt :D


 Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.

In the passive sentence, the object of an active verb becomes the subject of the passive verb.
Only transitive verbs are used in the passive. Intransitive verbs such as happen, sleep, come and seem cannot be used in the passive.
 

When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

1.the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
2.the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
3.the subject of the active sentence becomes by Agent in the passive sentence (or is dropped)
4.Only active sentence containing object which can be changed into passive form
5.The two forms should have the same tenses

AGENT (OR BY AGENT)

IN A PASSIVE CLAUSE, WE USUALLY USE A PHRASE BEGINNING WITH BY IF WE WANT TO MENTION THE AGENT - THE PERSON OR THING THAT DOES THE ACTION, OR THAT CAUSES WHAT HAPPENS.
EXAMPLES:
MY MOTHER MAKES THE SANDWICH EVERY MORNING.

SUBJECT VERB1+S/ES O C (ADV. OF TIME)

THE SANDWICH IS MADE BY MY MOTHER EVERY MORNING.


SUBJECT O BE+V3 AGENT C (ADV. OF TIME)



WHAT ABOUT OTHER TENSES?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS : [ S + TO BE + BEING +V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)
PRESENT PERFECT: [ S + HAS/HAVE + BEEN + V3 (PAST PARTICIPLE)

Here are the examples:

1. A young boy is catching a butterfly.
2. A butterfly is being caught by a young boy.

1.Pipin has returned the book to the library.

2.The book has been returned to the library by Pipin.

Next,
If you want to change an active sentence which has two objects into its passive forms, there are two ways:

1. Make its indirect object into the subject of the passive sentence.
2. Make its direct object into the subject of the passive sentence

 FOR INSTANCE:

Abi is giving his girl-friend a bunch of flower.
indirect object direct object

Passive: The indirect object as the subject
Abi’s girl-friend is being given a bunch of flower
or
Passive: The direct object as the subject
A bunch of flower is being given to Abi’s girl-friend

Hey, how about the negative and interrogative?
Take a look at the followings:

People don’t use bikes anymore
Bikes are not used anymore
Did the students play the cards in the class yesterday?
Were the cards played in the class yesterday?

SOME EXAMPLES (SIMPLE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE) FOR YOU…

 Some students open the book silently during the examination (active)
 The books are opened silently by some students during the examination. (passive)

- Choi Lei Dunk killed many innocent people.
- Many innocent people were killed by Choi Lei Dunk

 Sting will perform the 2nd world tour in Indonesia
 The 2nd world tour will be performed by Sting in Indonesia 

Asking if someone remembers

Yunai : " Don't you remmember when my birthday,ladia ?''

Ladia : "I’m afraid I forget."

Asking if someone remembers or not

Formal expressions


*I wonder if you remember ….
*You remember ...., don’t you?
*You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
*Don’t you remember ....?
*Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond

 

*Let me think, yes, I remember.

 
*I remember especially the scenery.

 

*I’ll never forget that.

 
*I’ll always remember.

 

*I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions

*Remember the old house we used to live in?
*Remember that?
*I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond

1.Hold on. Yes, got it!
2.I know ….
3.It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:


*Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
*I’m afraid I forget.
*I really can’t remember.
*I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
*Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
*Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

Offering

Hi guys,you know offer and you ever do it.So you must know about Offering and let's cekidoootttt :D

Deli:"Juice ?"

Virlly : " Yes,please !"

Friska :" No,thanks."

Definition of Offering :

1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering to older people:

1.Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Ryu?  
2.Should I get you a bottle of juice?
3.Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Sandara?  

4.Would you care for some salad ?

Offering to friends:

1.Want some?
2.Have some.
3.Candy?
4.Glass of lemonade?
5.Grab some for yourself.
6.Would you like to have a pancake?
7.Why don’t you have some lemonade?
8.What can I get for you?
9.What will you have?

Accepting an offer:

*Thank you  

*Yes, please  

*I’d like it very much  

*Thank you, I would  

*That would be very nice

Declining an offer:
*No, thanks.
*No, I really won’t. Thank you.
*Not for me, thanks.
*No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

Simple future tense

Simple future is used for describing event or action that will to do (happen) at future.

1.Future tense “will”

•To assert incident/event that future and decide that incident at talking.

Example= A: Can you help me to do this homework?
B: Of course, I will do it for you.

•To offer to do something.

Example= A: I don’t have a pencil to write.
B: Don’t worry.I will lend you.

•To assert an agreement to do something.

Example= A: You must come to my party.
B: I promise I will come on party.

•To ask someone to do something.

Example=A:It’s very cold in my room.
B: Certainly.


2.Future tense “shall”

•To assert a deal or gift suggestion
Example= Today, we are free.
Where shall we go?

Note: shall for subject “I, we”

3.Future tense “be going to”

•To assert an incident that will be happened and gone ever break a promise to do it.
Example=A: Did you send my letter for his?
B: Oh, I’m sorry I forgot.I’m going to send it tonight.

•To assert an incident/event that cause there are incident/event that mention that what will be next happened.

Example= A: The sky is very dark.What do you think?
B: I think it’s going to rain.

1.Positive (+):

a.Subject + shall/will + VI
Example:I shall clean the room.
We will go to school.
She will give a present.

Note: “shall” just can use for subject “I and We”

b.Subject + to be + going to + VI

Example:I am going to play tennis.
They are going to swim very fast.
He is going to write a story.
2.Negative (-)

a.Subject + shall/will + not + VI
Example:I shan’t buy ashirt.
He won’t clean the room.

Note:shall not = shan’t Will not = won’t

b.Subject + to be + not + going to + VI
Example: I am not going to give a present.

3.Interrogative (?)

a.Shall/will + subject + VI ?

Example: Will we play tennis?

b.to be + subject + going to + VI ?

Example: Is she going to write a story? 

Noun Phrase

Friska :"A cute girl is Ika "

Ika :" A beautiful and smart girl is Friska"

Noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun 

Remember that...

There are more nouns in the English Language than any other kind of words. 

see the Noun examples 

1.Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Uchi, Peter, president 
2.Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea,bird,rabbit 
3.Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe,home 
4.Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
5.Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences 

1. Subject of the sentence
2. Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun

For example:

I like swimming

The word ‘swimming’ 

is a gerund

HOW DO WE identify noun phrases in the sentences?

GUYS,…

Today we are learning about NOUN PHRASES

WELL, LET’S SEE …

PHRASES

A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.

A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.

Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ... 

Subject

Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

Object of a verb 

They have found Eugene's goal.

Object of a preposition 

The arctic explorers were caught unawares by the spring break up.

Subject complement 

Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.

Object complement 

I consider Loki my favourite fish. 

Finite Verb

Ladia : " I was talking !"

Definition of finite verb :
a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verbs in a sentences. It shows tense (past/present, etc) or number (singular/plural), A finite verb makes an assertion or expresses a state of being and can stand by itself as the main verb of a sentence. 

Example of finite verb :

1.I watch, He reads, Ella went

2.Atin has eaten when Virlly come in, By itself, the verb form eaten is called a non-finite verb When the auxiliary has and the non-finite verb eaten are put together, they make up a finite verb form has eaten.

3.Friska was walking. Walking is non-finite and was is to be. When they are put together, they make up finite form was walking

Definition of non-finite verb :
a verb has no subject, tense, or number. The only finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle (present/past), nonfinite verbs must ordinarily combine with a modal , an auxiliary verb, or the infinitival particle to.


Example of nonfinite verb

Verbs ending in -ing. These are called present participles, they were cooking in Sinta’s house.
This non-finite verb form end in -ed; many also end in en. These are called past participles. I have written my letter ( the past participle written is non-finite and can’t be the main verb).
Talking is the children’s favorite pastime. ( talking is a gerund, verb to be noun)
I can’t afford to go out tonight

The infinitive can have the following forms:

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle


For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

For example: 

1.If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cookies.

2.Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.

3.I would like to have seen the Borobudur Temple  when I was in Indonesia.

4.He pretended to have seen the film.

5.If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

News Item

Yunai: "Virlly,do want see the hot news about Mellinda Dee ?"

Virlly: " Yes, I want to see the hot news about Mellinda Dee now Yunai!"

News Item is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.


Generic structure:

1.Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form

2.Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.

3.Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features: 

1.Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

2.Generally using Simple Past Tense

3.Use of Material Processes to retell the event

Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.

4.Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
5.Focus on Circumstances
6.Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.
The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.


•Example: Town ‘Contaminated’
•Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.


It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used.


Example:Fire Destroys over 4,111 acres of Forest in 2005-2006
Complete Sentence:Fire has destroyed over 4,111 acres of forest in 2005-2006.




The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.


Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.


To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.


Example: Queen to Visit London.
Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit London.


Headlines are not always complete sentences.


Example: More earthquakes in China.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in China.

Introductory it

 

Choco :"It fun to go the Kampung Lauk !"

In this pattern, it has no meaning. It is used only to fill the subject position in the sentence. Thus, it is called introductory “it”.

Example of Introductory “it” : 
1.To watch love story programs is pleasant.
2.It is pleasant to watch love story program.
3.To play tennis must be fun.
4.It is fun to play tennis

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase. So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

It is easy to learn English. (= To learn English is easy.)
It is easy to find fault with others. (= To find fault with others is easy.)
It is difficult to know his motive. (= To know his motive is difficult.)
It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
It is dangerous to play with fire.
It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note that when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short.

To err is human. (OR It is human to err.)
To become a well known writer was his life-long ambition. (OR It was his lifelong ambition to become a well known writer.)
To invest all your money in shares is foolish. (OR It is foolish to invest all your money in shares.)

When the subject is a gerund phrase

When the real subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. So instead of saying ‘Your trying to fool us is no good’, we say, ‘It is no good your trying to fool us.’

It won’t be any good complaining to the manager. (Complaining to the manager won’t be any good.)
It is silly throwing away this opportunity. (Throwing away this opportunity is silly.)
Will it be any good my talking to him about it? (Will my talking to him about it be any good?)
It is no fun having so many children to look after. (Having so many children to look after is no fun.)

Note that it is possible to change the gerund into an infinitive.

It won’t be any good for me to complain to the manager.
It is silly (for you) to throw away this opportunity.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?
Many of these sentences can also be re-written as exclamatory sentences.
How silly of you to throw away this opportunity!

When the subject is a clause

When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.

It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied. )
It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )

Introductory it with seem, appear and look

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.

It looked doubtful whether she would come
It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
It seems possible that she may quit the job.
It appeared unwise to offend him.
It does not seem much good going on with the work.

Introductory it as an object

It is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.

Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
I think it a pity that she could not win.
We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
He made it clear what he wanted.
I find it difficult to talk to him.

Introductory it in questions

The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.

Who was it that broke the window?
It is Peter who broke the window.
Why was it that he stole the bread?
It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
When was it that the manager came?
It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Descriptive Text

Hmm,guys pernah dengar tentang Descriptive Text ? Atau mungkin kalian pernah mencoba membuat Descriptive Text ? Kali ini,ane bakal ngajak kalian buat ngulik tentang Descriptive Text.Ayo langsung aja yaaa cekidooootttt :D

Descriptive Text is A kind of text to describe a particular person , place / thing . 

Social Function
To describe a particular person, place or thing

Significant Grammatical Features 

1.Focus on specific Participant
2.Use of attributes and identifying Processes
3.Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
4.Use of simple present tense


Significant Lexicogrammatical Features
1.Focus on Specific Participantas
2.Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
3.Frequent use of epithets Classifiers in nominal grups.
4.Use of simple present tense


The features: CIRI KETERBATASAN
1.Nouns tertentu, misalnya teacher, house,office,cinema, my cat, dsb.
2.Simple present tense.
3.Detailed noun phrase untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek misalnya He a cute young man.
4.Berbagai macam adjectives, yang bersifat describing, numbering, classifying, misalnya : two strong legs, dsb
5.Relating verbs untuk memberikan informasi tentang subjek. Misalnya : My mum is really smart, it has very thick fur, dsb
6.Thinking verbs dan feeling verbs untuk mengungkapkan pandangan pribadi  penulis tentang subjek, misalnya : police believe the suspect is armed. I think it is a clever animal, dsb. Action verbs, misalnya : our new puppy bites our bag, dsb.
7.Adverbials untuk memberikan informasi tambahan tentang perilaku tersebut. Misalnya : fast, at the two house, dsb.
8.Bahasa figurative, seperti simile, metaphor, misalnya : Ina is white as chalk,   sat, tight, dsb.

The generic structure of Descriptive text :

Identification : 
Identifies phenomenon to be described. 


Description : 
Describes part qualities & characteristic. 


Linguistic features : 

1.Specific participants. 
2.Linking verbs. 
3.Simple present. 
4.Adjective. 
5.Noun phrase. 

Look this guys !

Borobudur Temple

Borobudur is Hindu – Budhist temple. It was build in the nineth century under Sailendra dynasty of ancient Mataram kingdom. Borobudur is located in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia.

Borobudur is well-known all over the world. Its construction is influenced by the Gupta architecture of India. The temple is constructed on a hill 46 m high and consist of eight step like stone terrace. The first five terrace are square and surrounded by walls adorned with Budist sculpture in bas-relief. The upper three are circular. 

Each of them is with a circle of bell shape-stupa. The entire adifice is crowned by a large stupa at the centre at the centre of the top circle. The way to the summit extends through some 4.8 km of passage and starways. The design of borobudur which symbolizes the structure of universe influences temples at Angkor, Cambodia.

Borobudur temple which is rededicated as an Indonesian monument in 1983 is a valuable treasure for Indonesian people.