Modals In the Past Form

Modals are helping words that are used to express: (1)possibility,2)ability, (3)degree of certainty, and (4) level of authority

Modals are special verbs which behave very irregularly in English. Englishpage.com has created one of the most in-depth modal tutorials in print or online. Study the modal explanations and complete the associated exercises and take another step toward English fluency. 

Kinds of modals such as:

Can, could, may,might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would. 

Modals in the past form
are used in the past time.They are could, would, should, and might.

Formula of modals is:
Modals + verb 1 + O/C.

Can be used in every tenses.

a. Could is the past tense of can
The modal auxiliary could is used

To express an ability in the past:
I could always beat you at tennis when we were kids.

To express past or future permission:
Could i bury my dog in your back house?

To express present possibility:
We could always spend the night just sitting around talking 

to express possibility or ability in contingent circumstances.
If he studied harder, he could pass this course.

When could is used in the past, it means was able to.

Example:
I was able to find a parking space. 

to express a reapeated action in the past
When would is used in the past, it means “used to”,
for example:

When i was younger, I would run three hours every day.

This means that i used to run two hours every day and now i don`t. 
to express more polite (request) 

b.Would you (please) feed the bird?

When would is  used in the present, it show more polite.
For unreal condition

1.Mary would go to the Caribbean, but she doesn`t have enough money.(present)

2.Mary would have gone to the Carribbean, but she didn`t have money.(past tense)

3.Would, can is used in the past and present.

c. Might is the past tense of may.

Is used to express of granting or seeking permission.
Might, I leave class early?

To express future possibility. 

He might be my advisor next semester.

To express past possibility.
Desty came late this morning, she might have missed the bus.
- Might is considerably more tentative than may


d. Should is the past tense of shall.
Most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as ecpectation.

Example:
When you go to Japan, you should visit the palaces in Tokyo Tower. (recommendation)
You should focus more on your family and less on work. (advice)
i really should be in the office by 8:00 am. (obligation)
By now, they should already be in London. 
(expectation)

Example in dialogue:

Fariz : "Hy Anton....Are you busy? "

Anton : "No, i`m not busy...What's happen?" 

Fariz : "Oh...Good..I want you help me...
Would you help me, please?"
Anton : "Yes, why not...?What can I do for 
you...?" 

Fariz : "Hmm...help me please...to clean my bathroom now."

 Anton : "What ?..No....I won`t.......Sorry,Fariz "

Narrative Text

Guys,semester lalu kita udah mempelajari kan yang namanya Narrative Text bukan ? Nah di semester 2 ini kita akan balik mempelajarinya tapi tentu dong sumbernya berbeda.Supaya kita tambah tau lebih rinci lagi nih yah,langsung aja yukk cekidooottt :D

Narrative text is a text that is used for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating ,stimulating emotions,motivating,guiding and teaching the readrs or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vicious experience .

Narrative text such as : fable ( Mouse Deer and Crocodile ),legend/folk tables ( Sangkuriang ,Malin Kundang ),Fairy Tale ( Sleeping Beauty,Snow White ,Pinochio )

The generic of Narrative text :

1. Orientation : It sets  the scene and introduces the participants ( it answer the    questions = who,when,what,where )
2. Evaluation : A stepping back to evaluate the plight ( the information about  the narrator’s point of view ) .It’s optional.
3. Complication : A crisis or a problem arises.It usually involves the main characters
4. .Resulation   : A solution to the problem ( for better or worse ) main characters find ways to solve the problem.

Some important point in the story of narrative text are :

• It uses temporal conjunction : ex once upon a time ,before,after,etc.
• It uses simple past tense        : ex  there lived a……….one day…there was …etc

Asking Information

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English.  The use of WH-Questions : What , When , Where , Why , Who , and How

Combined with to be

1.What is ……. Your name? 
2.When was ……. He born? 
3.Where are ………. The tickets? 
4.Why were …………. They here? 
5.Who are ……….. Those people? 
6.How is ……. Jasmine? 

Combined with auxiliary verbs or Modals
What do …………
When did …………
Where shall ……..
Why does ……..
Who might ……
How could …….
and etc

Asking for information: 

I’d like to know about this book. 

I’m interested in the characters 

Could you tell me more about it?  

Do you know the plot?  

Could you find out the solution?  

Could I ask about the conflict?  

Do you happen to know the writer? 

Etc.

Guessing:

I would say ... I know where to find novel
Could be ... somewhere in a bookstore
Maybe it's ... on the top shelf
I think it ... no more
Looks like ... someone has bought a novel
It's hard to say, but I think ...
It's been bought by someone else

Here are some of the most common:
· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for...

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

Here are some sample phrases and sentences for asking information in English

1. What is this? This is a picture
2. What is that? That is a telephone.
3. What’s this? It’s a bag.
4. What’s that? It’s banana.
5. What are these? These are magazines.
6. What are those? Those are chairs.
7. Where is Mr. Justin? He is over there.
8. Where is Ms. Kenneth? She’s (right) here.
9. Where’s Maddi Jane? She’s in the office.
10. When’s the movie? It’s at 12:00.
11. When’s lunch? Lunch is at noon.
12. How is the food? It’s yummy.

 


Information about company

What does your company do?
What is your specialty?
What do you specialize in?
What is your main line of business?

Information about products

Could you give me some (more) information on this?
What can you tell me about this (product)?
Tell me about this one/model.

Information about Price

What are you asking for this?
What does this sell for?
How much is it?
How much does it run?

Example photo of Asking Information :

 Virlly: " Wow ! What is this ? "

Yunai: "This is a key,Vir."

Fariz:"Anton,How is the meatball ?"

Anton:"Hmmm....It's delicious."

INVITATION ( WRITTEN )

Holla,lagi-lagi sama ane nih guys yang baik hati dan tidak sombong membagikan ilmu yang udah ane dapet dan pelajari hhehehe :D .Ngomong-ngomong kalian pernah nulis sebuah undangan ? if you can't make it ,then i give you a material about how to make invitation (written). Yasudah langsung aja cekidottt guys :D

Writing an Invitation Letter
An invitation letter serves the purpose of inviting a guest to a party, an event or a celebration while conveying more information than a traditional invitations card. It serves two purposes; one, to invite the individual to the event and two, to ensure that the person receiving the letter is going to attend.

There are two tenses used within the invitation letter, the present and the future. The present tense conveys information about the event and the future tense ensures the guest is going to attend.

Here's How:
1. Names of party hosts or sponsoring organization.
2. Type of event (birthday party, business networking meeting, etc.).
3. Place.
4. Date.
5. Time.
6. RSVP date and phone number.
7. Any special dress requirements from black-tie to bathing suits.
8. Rain date (if any).
9. Be specific about who is invited, whether address only, with guest, or with spouse and children.

Tips:
1. Always send written invitations for formal events such as business gatherings, formal dinners, and special occasions like showers, weddings or events honoring someone.

2. If guests are not from your local area, include a map to location of event.

3. Send anywhere from 8 - 2 weeks in advance depending on formality of occasion. Weddings require the longest lead-time; casual dinners and brunches require the least.

4. Offerins invitation
- Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
- Will you join us?
- Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
- Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
- I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

5. Accepting invitation
- Yes,I’d love very much.
- Thank you.
- Yes,with pleasure.

6. Reffusing
# If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.

# Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.
# I have got another appointment.
# I’m sorry.
# I’ve lost to work to do.

EXAMPLE :

Invitation Verbal
Example:
We want to invite you to come to our house
Can you come to my restaurant?
Are you free tonight?

Accepting (menerima)
1.I like that
2.That sounds good
3.Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)
1.I like that but I can’t
2.I’m very sorry for not able to come
3.Sorry, I’m very busy

Example of picture :

Yunai : "I will make invitation (written) to my friend "

SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

Pernah dapet kejutan guys ?
misalnya pas kamu lagi ulang tahun,tiba-tiba seluruh teman-teman kamu berubah 180 derajat.Trus malam-malam mereka dateng bawa kue tart dan bilang "SURPRISES !!!!!!!"
Pasti senang banget campur haru kan ?Kali ini nih kita bakal bahas yang namanya "Surprises & Disbeliefs"
okay langsung aja cekidottt nyo :D




A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.

To express surprise or disbelief: 

• What a surprise!
• That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious?
• You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise: 

A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Disbelief:

A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:
Do you know what?
Believe it or not?
You may not believe it, but …
Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:
Really?
Are you joking?
Oh?
Where? Show me.

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

Hi guys,udah semester 2 nih dan pastinya bahan ajar kita juga tambah matang dan tambah keren-keren lagi ya.Di awal semester 2 ini nih ane udah punya bahan yang pastinya bakal nambah pengetahuan kita semua.Apa itu,ayo ? Okay, you must know about congratulation,compliment and gratitude because they are very important in our life.Cekiiiidot guys :D

Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Thanking: 

• *Thank you very much
• *Thank you for your help
• *I’m really very grateful to you
• *You’re welcome
• *Don’t mention it
• *It’s a pleasure / My pleasure
• *I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, etc)
• *I am grateful to your help

Example of picture :

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example: 

• on his/her general appearance
• if you notice something new about the person’s appearance
• when you visit someone’s house for the first time
• when other people do their best

Complimenting: 

• What a nice dress!
• You look great.
• You look very nice/beautiful/handsome.
• I really must express my admiration for your dance.
• Good grades!
• Excellent!
• Nice work!
• Good job!

Example of picture :

Congratulation is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Congratulating: 

• *Congratulations!
• *Congratulations on your success!
• *Happy birthday!
• *Happy Lebaran Day/Happy led!
• *Merry Christmas!
• *Happy New Year!
• *Happy Valentine!
• *Happy anniversary!

Example of picture :